Electronics magazine called the device a "Crystal Triode. They selected germanium material that had been treated to contain an excess of electrons, called N-type. A small change in the current through the emitter caused a larger change in the collector current. They had created a current amplifier. Bell Telephone Laboratories prepared The Transistor: Selected Reference Material on Characteristics and Applications, the first compendium of information on the transistor and its applications, for its patent licensees.
Transistors swiftly left the lab and entered the marketplace. Although costlier than vacuum tubes, they were ideal when portability and battery operation were important. They soon appeared as switches, beginning with an experimental computer at Manchester University in Licensees of Bell Labs transistor technology developed alternative manufacturing techniques to improve the performance and reduce the cost of transistors.
The germanium devices shown here were optimized for particular applications. In Shockley left Bell Labs and founded Shockley Semiconductors , the first semiconductor factory in Silicon Valley , but it was a failure because of how impossible it was for his employees to relate to him. In , he received the news of being awarded the Nobel Prize in physics , together with his former subordinates in Bell Labs , Bardeen and Brattain.
After his company collapsed, Shockley devoted himself to the academic world and in Stanford University appointed him as Professor of Engineering and he remained in that institution until his retirement in He died in at the age of His children and his few friends found out about this in the press. Click Enter. Login Profile. Es En. Economy Humanities Science Technology. Multimedia OpenMind books Authors. Featured author. Claus Leggewie. Latest book.
Work in the Age of Data. Start William Shockley and the Invention of the Transistor. Science Leading Figures. Computing History Nobel Prize Research. Originally, discrete resistors and transistors were mounted on the same printed circuits boards.
Later on, transistor chips with built-in resistors were developed as digital transistors. Using digital transistors in designs has : 1. They require less area to mount components on a printed circuit board.
They require less time to mount the components on a printed circuit board 3. This reduces the number of components needed. One analogy that helps explain how a transistor operates is to think of it like a water tap. In this case, electrical current works like water. A transistor has three pins: the base, the collector, and the emitter. The base works like the tap handle, the collector is like the pipe that feeds into the tap, and the emitter is like the opening where water pours out.
By turning the tap handle with a small amount of force, we can control a powerful flow of water. This water flows through the pipe and out of the opening. Turning the tap handle slightly can dramatically increase the rate that water flows. If closed completely, no water will flow. If opened completely, water will gush out as fast as possible! Now we can dive into a proper explanation using the diagrams below. A transistor has three pins, the emitter E , the collector C , and the base B.
The base controls the current from the collector to the emitter. The current that flows from the collector to the emitter is proportional to the base current.
The setup shown uses a collector resistor RL. By continuing to browse this website without changing your web-browser cookie settings, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. Please use latest browser to ensure the best performance on ROHM website. Rohm Breadcrumb. What is a transistor? From Germanium to Silicon Transistors were originally manufactured using Germanium.
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