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Chloe Moore. Views Total views. One of the things nation-states do is stamp passports - so when Antarctic tourists visit the British station at Port Lockroy , they can have their passport stamped.
This is despite the fact that international law doesn't recognise the existence of the British Antarctic Territory - indeed, both Chile and Argentina claim the same piece of land, and have their own passport stamps at the ready. Another thing states do - or used to - is operate postal services.
At Ukraine's Vernadsky base, I wrote myself a postcard, bought a decorative Ukrainian stamp with a cow on it, and dropped it into their post box. It took two months to arrive - not bad, from the ends of the earth.
But tourist fun connives at all the flag-waving. Russia has made a point of building bases all round the Antarctic continent. The US operates a base at the South Pole, which conveniently straddles every territorial claim. This year China built its fourth base. Next year it will build a fifth. All Antarctica's 68 bases are professedly peaceful research stations, established for scientific purposes - but the ban on militarisation is widely flouted.
Chile and Argentina, for instance, both maintain a permanent army presence on the Antarctic mainland, and the worry is that some countries are either not reporting military deployment, or may instead be recruiting civilian security contractors for essentially military missions. Antarctic skies are unusually clear and also unusually free from radio interference - they are ideal for deep-space research and satellite tracking.
But they are also ideal for establishing covert surveillance networks and remote control of offensive weapons systems. The Antarctic Treaty All agreed?
In this section. Close Tab. A trip of a lifetime Avoiding footprints The future of tourism Acting responsibly Visit Antarctica Impacts and Management Environmentally friendly tourism Challenges Antarctica under pressure A treasure trove of resources Farming Antarctic waters Putting you under pressure Under pressure: Land Antarctica under pressure Sustainability Impacts of climate change Mineral resources Overfishing Future of Antarctica What future for Antarctica?
All resources. Future of Antarctica. The picture below shows the pristine landscape of Antarctica. Activity Imagine that the Antarctic Treaty has been modified to include development. Discuss: Would it matter if Antarctica looked like this in the future? Cold facts What activities threaten the sustainability of Antarctica?
Tourism The number of tourists have increased substantially over the last 15 years. Mining Mining is banned indefinitely with a provision for review in onwards in Antarctica under the Environmental Protocol. Should development be allowed? Student Activities Opinions Listen to the opinions of Sidney and Laura and fill in the downloadable chart. NSF has supported a broad range of educational efforts to spark interest in polar science, including television specials, radio programs, and a multimedia presentation that toured U.
These efforts can both increase public awareness and understanding of the research taking place in Antarctica, and help to inspire the future generations of polar scientists needed to implement the research studies described in this report. Current educational efforts related to Antarctic and Southern Ocean science at NSF could benefit from a more coordinated program of activities.
A common theme throughout the scientific research questions described in this report is the importance of integrated and sustained observations for answering these questions.
In particular, achieving rapid and meaningful advances in science in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean in the coming years will require an expanded observing network with data integration. The committee identifies an overarching need for NSF to develop and lead a coordinated international Antarctic observing system network encompassing the atmosphere, land, ocean, ice, and ecosystems, as well as their interfaces.
Based on previous examples such as the Arctic Observing Network and the proposed Pan-Antarctic Observation System, this initiative would provide the framework for intensive data collection, management, dissemination, and synthesis across projects and across disciplines; lay the foundation for many future Antarctic and Southern Ocean observations; utilize models to evaluate and plan the optimal locations for observations; and maximize the scientific output from the deployment of resource-intensive observing platforms.
Any observing system would be incomplete without the simultaneous development of new models that can assimilate the observational data and provide sophisticated tools for data analysis and synthesis. Improved data reanalysis of new and existing data sets could benefit modeling efforts internationally. Earth system models for Antarctica and the Southern Ocean depend on component models atmosphere, ice sheets, etc. The committee identified key science questions that will drive research in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean in coming decades, and highlighted opportunities to be leveraged to sustain and improve the U.
Here, the committee suggests actions for the United States to achieve success for the next generation of Antarctic and Southern Ocean science.
Lead the development of a large-scale, interdisciplinary observing network and support a new generation of robust Earth system models. To record the ongoing changes in the Antarctic atmosphere, ice sheets, oceans, and ecosystems, scientists need observing systems that can collect the necessary data. This network should be able to measure and record ongoing changes, develop an advanced understanding of the drivers of change, and provide input for models that will enable the United States to better project and adapt to the global impacts of the changing Antarctic environment.
Improvements in scientific models of the Antarctic region are urgently needed to strengthen the simulation and prediction of global climate patterns. These initiatives will require interdisciplinary approaches at the system scale that would be best addressed with a coordinated, long-term, international effort.
Given the scope of its research program and support infrastructure in the Antarctic region, the United States has the opportunity to play a leading role in this effort. Continue to support a wide variety of basic scientific research in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean, which will yield a new generation of discoveries. Basic science in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean covers a wide breadth of research questions, including the climatic shifts that Earth has undergone in its history, the.
This research is expected to lead to remarkable new insights into our planet and the universe over the next two decades. Design and implement improved mechanisms for international collaboration. The vast size of the Antarctic continent and the logistical challenges of working in the region mean that international teamwork is needed to reach the goals set out in this report.
The International Polar Year, held from to , demonstrated how successful international collaboration can facilitate research that no nation could complete alone.
The United States can best retain its leadership role in global science by taking the lead in future international activities. Mechanisms to ensure timely and integrated international collaborative research would greatly enhance this effort. Conditions in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean are often challenging for observers and instruments alike. The advancement of technology, both in the instruments that make measurements and in the platforms that support those instruments, can help to overcome those challenges and open up new capabilities.
Continued efforts to adopt new technologies including cyberinfrastructure and novel and robust sensors could facilitate research and monitoring of the Antarctic region and would promote the efficiency of U. The polar regions have a powerful appeal to people of all ages. Antarctica and the Southern Ocean could be used as focal points to help recruit, train, and retain a diverse and skilled scientific workforce. The committee envisions building upon existing educational activities to develop a more integrated polar educational program, which would encompass all learners including K, undergraduates, graduate students, early career investigators, and lifelong learners.
The goal of this effort is to engage the next generation of scientists and engineers required to support an economically competitive nation and foster a scientifically literate U. Because conducting the far-reaching and innovative work recommended in this report will continue to require extensive logistical support, the committee encourages the NSF-led Blue Ribbon Panel to develop a plan to support Antarctic science in the next two decades with the following goals:.
Antarctic Program. Despite the challenges of working in the harsh environment of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean, the region offers great insight into the changing planet and is an invaluable and unique platform for scientists to make new discoveries.
Preserving the unique environment of the Antarctic region for new observations and experimental science requires a continued commitment to stewardship. Making use of international and multidisciplinary collaboration, emerging technologies and sensors, and educational opportunities, the next 20 years of Antarctic research have the potential to advance understanding of this planet and beyond.
A robust and efficient U. Antarctic Program is needed to realize this potential. Emperor penguins are the largest of all penguins, standing up to 42 inches cm tall and weighing 84 lb 38 kg. Antarctica and the surrounding Southern Ocean remains one of the world's last frontiers. Ever since the first humans set foot on Antarctica a little more than a century ago, the discoveries made there have advanced our scientific knowledge of the region, the world, and the Universe--but there is still much more to learn.
Future Science Opportunities in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean suggests actions for the United States to achieve success for the next generation of Antarctic and Southern Ocean science. The report highlights important areas of research by encapsulating each into a single, overarching question.
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